buy custom Procurement Process essay

buy custom Procurement Process essay It is widely acknowledged by buyers that reverse auctions have led to significant cost savings for various buying requirements. This can be attributed to the reverse auction tool that inexpensively connects buyers and sellers worldwide and supports competitive bidding while driving the price of an item to its true market value (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero, 2009). But unlike other procurement methods, the suppliers can review their bids depending on the prices stated by other market suppliers. Procurement refers to a process of obtaining goods and services. It involves the process of preparation and processing of a requisition through to receipt and approval of the invoice to the payment. Its involves purchase planning, standards determination, specifications development, supplier research and selection, value analysis, financing, price negotiation, making the purchase, supply contract administration, inventory control and store , disposals and other related functions (WebFinaance,Inc., 2011). In any regular auctions, there are single sellers and many potential buyers bidding for the item being sold. Reverse auction is used for e-purchasing using the internet (an e-auction) but on the contrary, it involves one buyer and many sellers. Reverse auction are electronic processes where multiple sellers of a product are vying for the business of a single buyer. This results to the price of the products being driven down. Its very important for the reverse auction tool to be well integrated within the strategic sourcing process to harness its full potential. It should therefore have the ability to adapt to new changes in the market, to incorporate financial controls in driving down the costs and in the elimination of waste. It should therefore continue until a pre-established bidding period ends or until no seller is willing to bid any lower, whichever comes first (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero, 2009). In regular reverse auctions, prices are revealed to all sellers, however, the identity of the competitors remains anonymous. On the other hand, in rank reverse auction, sellers are only told their relative rank and thus are not aware of their competitors prices (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero, 2009). The general idea is that the buyer specifies what they want to purchase and offers it to many suppliers who do their bidding to be awarded the contracts to supply the goods (OECD). Generally the main purp ose for the reverse auction is to allow the buyer to get the best quality service or product for the company. A typical internet reverse auction is conducted by large national-account end users and the participating suppliers are generally the major producers. The buyer generally issues invitations to suppliers to participate. In most cases, these invitations tend to be sent to the major producers of the service or the product needed. Normally, the purchaser should not specify where the product to be supplied should originate, or should be produced so as to allow as many suppliers as possible and also increase the chances of a best competitive bidding (United States International Trade Commission) Before the purchase of any product or service through the online auction, a price performance measure needs to be conducted first. The most common price performance measure includes actual price versus the planned purchase price comparisons, actual purchase price(s) compared to a market index, comparisons of actual price to actual purchase prices for individual and aggregated items between operating plants or divisions within an organization, and target prices achieved (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero, 2009). The highly priced law materials are the major products that can be purchased through online auctions. These materials are vital for any manufacturing industries and therefore they have many reliable suppliers all over the world and especially the developed countries. Online auction brings together the buyers and the sellers of different products and services and therefore the company can also identify the suppliers for different ypes and options for the same product based on the background and the general financial position of the company. I addition the manufacturing company uses the machinery that require regular servicing and occasional parts change. Its therefore important for the company to evaluate the products being given in the market and also the benefits accrued on them. For example during the purchase of new machinery then the company should check for the efficiency of the machine, its durability, availability of the parts for the machine or if the company offers any after sale services like installation and maintenance and if so, for how long. The choice of the product should also incorporate the cost of upgrading it if the need arises (in that it should easily adapt to the new technological advances in the global economy). The most important factor to consider while making the choice of the product to purchase through an online auction is the consumer. Normally the consumer dictates what will sell or not and therefore the consumer altitude should be assessed before the purchase of any material intended to be used in the manufacturing company. This is mainly in form of tastes and preferences. Its therefore crucial for any company to do a market research to identify the preferences of its market (the consumer). This way the products being bought over the online auction will have the greatest effect on the final product the company is willing to produce. In this case the research company can be contracted to do the research on the consumer in terms of economic status, tastes and preferences that will guide the online auction process. After the conversion of the requirements or requisitions into purchase orders or contracts, the company needs to decide on which method of procurement to use. There exist several methods of procurement they include: competitive bidding, direct negotiations and single source acquisition. A successful e-auction requires the development of a preauction strategy, which sets goals, targets specific potential partners, and clearly lay out the applicable rules to be followed throughout the process (Pearcy, Glunipero, Wilson, 2007). The list of the suppliers contains companies formally accepted through quality and performance criteria, along with potential suppliers that have been involved in the similar tendering process before. The process of determining the suppliers normally involves the company deciding which contracts are to benefit from the reverse auction procurement and then the suppliers are initially evaluated and invited to participate in the bidding process. During the selection for the participants for online auction, the general company relation with the suppliers should be put first. Suppliers with a long history with the company should be put first and contacted for them to participate in the online auction (Pearcy, Glunipero, Wilson, 2007). This is meant to maintain the relationship status although its generally affected by the reverse auction method of procurement. The selection of the suppliers the reverse auction should not look at the buyer seller relationship though the whole process threatens it. The research suggest the use of a relational approach when using reverse auction for the relationships that are strategically important for the institutions overall outlook and growth in the long term (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero, 2009). therefore the execution stages of any reverse auction should be independent.in the offer phase of the reverse auction process, rules should be accurately explained to the parties, prior to the con ducting of the actual R/A event .this increases the chances of a successful reverse auction. Lastly the company needs to embrace the emerging technologies in the supply management in the identification and building of the supplier relation. These emerging technologies include the guided buying, advanced supply planning, win-win sourcing optimization, content enabled analytics and knowledge networking among others. Guided buying refers to an e-tool that combines e-purchasing systems with virtual cataalogs, search engines, and web agents to help guide employees to preferred sources of supply and also to preferred sourcing processes and personnel. Advanced supply planning tools provide a linkage from sales and operations plans to supply planning and back again.it also includes translating demand(volumes and variability) upstream across multiple tiers of the supply chain and improves risk analysis, decisions on hedging tactics, and other tradeoff analysis(e.g. make vs. buy, transportation ,inventory). The win-win sourcing optimization techniques and supporting tools allow suppliers to better match their capabilities with those of the buying firm and create more win-win scenarios and fewer win-lose ones. Rather than the using the winner takes all bidding process geared toward price and cost, or having the buyer guess which lots to create for different suppliers. It allows buyers to open up their m arket baskets to suppliers that can then do their own demand management to flexibly bid in order to harness their best capabilities and put their best foot forward (mitchell, 2007). Another tool that may help in the selection and reduction of the risks involved is the content-enabled analytics. The usage of this tool may help the company to do predictive analysis such as price or cost forecasting, profitability planning, and supplier or market risk analysis. Lastly the use of knowledge networking will help in making vital decisions in awarding of the contracts. Knowledge networking refers to the process of using the internet-based collaboration tools and services to better capture and disseminate supply knowledge both internally and externally (mitchell, 2007). After the completion of the bidding process and the supplier have been selected then their level of cooperation should be assessed. This cooperation is important if the supplier will have continued interaction with the buying firm. Normally, the more cooperative the supplier is then, the greater the relationship with the buyer will be and the probability of being awarded another contract will be. This cooperation is greatly affected by the initial cost of the bid. Price is the most controversial element in the reverse auction phenomenon. Researches have strongly supported that relational contract structures are negatively related to the purchase price reductions (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero, 2009). Institutions pursuing a more market based (bid and buy) approach have made significant savings in their budgets but have also lost on the suppliers relations. Its inevitable for these firms to assess the tradeoff between obtaining lower prices(that may or may not be sustainable) and the opportunity cost of not choosing suppliers that can provide assistance in vital non price related areas (e.g. product design) when addressing and designing their appropriate reverse auction structure. In conclusion, the main role of procurement in a company is to raise the competitiveness of the company in terms of lowering the cost of doing business, improving the inventory control, improvement of the quality and the durability of its products. Reverse auction helps in the provision of the most competitive prices for the products or the services for the companies that embrace it. This is in terms of the purchase prices and after sales services that come with the products bought. Reverse auction have been criticized of simply looking for price reductions without any regard to the existing or future business relation. The fact is that the use of reverse auction reduces the time associated with the supplier selection and the award process. However, this addition time saving will be mitigated by the increased time required to build and maintain relationships (OECD). In addition the use of reverse auction have been in the forefront in the achievements of the strategic cost management, benchmarking, supplier development and most importantly in the reduction of the prices paid for the products and services. The benefits of the reverse auction outweigh the odds for its use. Its therefore important for the companies involved in procurement to consider the use of reverse auction in their procurement process. Buy custom Procurement Process essay

USS Valley Forge (CV-45) in the Korean War

USS Valley Forge (CV-45) in the Korean War USS Valley Forge (CV-45) was the final Essex-class aircraft carrier to enter service with the US Navy. Though intended for use during World War II, the carrier was not completed until late 1946, long after hostilities had ended. Valley Forge was serving in the Far East in 1950 and was the first American fleet carrier to take part in the  Korean War. The vessel saw extensive service during the conflict before being converted to an antisubmarine carrier later in the 1950s. Further change came in 1961 when Valley Forge was modified into an amphibious assault ship. In this role it conducted multiple deployments to Southeast Asia during the early years of the Vietnam War. Decommissioned in 1970, the ship was sold for scrap the following year. A New Design Conceived in the 1920s and 1930s, the US Navys  Lexington- and  Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were intended to fit the tonnage limitations put in place by the  Washington Naval Treaty. This enacted restrictions on the sizes of different types of warships as well as placed a cap on each signatory’s total tonnage. This scheme was re-examined and extended by the London Naval Treaty in 1930. As international tensions increased in the 1930s, Japan and Italy elected to leave the treaty system. With the collapse of the treaty structure, the US Navy moved forward its efforts to design a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which used lessons learned from the  Yorktown-class. The new type was wider and longer as well as incorporated a deck-edge elevator system. This had been employed earlier on  USS  Wasp  (CV-7). In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new class possessed a stronger anti-aircraft armament. Work commenced on the lead ship,  USS  Essex  (CV-9), on April 28, 1941. Long-Hull Following the Japanese  attack on Pearl Harbor  and US entry into  World War II, the  Essex-class quickly became the US Navys principal design for fleet carriers. The first four ships after  Essex  used the class initial design. In early 1943, the US Navy elected to make several changes with goal of improving future vessels. The most noticeable of these changes was lengthening the bow to a clipper design which allowed for the inclusion of two quadruple 40 mm mounts. Other alterations saw the addition of improved ventilation and aviation fuel systems, the combat information center moved under the armored deck, a second catapult installed on the flight deck, and the mounting  of an additional fire control director. Referred to as the long-hull  Essex-class or  Ticonderoga-class by some, the US Navy made no distinction between these and the earlier  Essex-class ships. Construction The first vessel to begin construction with the enhanced  Essex-class design was USS  Hancock  (CV-14) which was later re-named  Ticonderoga. This was followed by several additional carriers including USS  Valley Forge  (CV-45).  Named for the location of  General George Washingtons  famed encampment, construction commenced on September 14, 1943, at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.   Funding for the carrier was provided by the sale of over $76,000,000 in E Bonds throughout the greater Philadelphia region. The ship entered the water on July 8, 1945, with Mildred Vandergrift, wife of  Battle of Guadalcanal  commander General Archer Vandergrift, serving as sponsor. Work progressed into 1946 and  Valley Forge  entered commission on November 3, 1946, with Captain John W. Harris in command. The ship was the last  Essex-class carrier to join to the fleet. USS Valley Forge (CV-45) - Overview: Nation:  United StatesType:  Aircraft CarrierShipyard:  Philadelphia Naval ShipyardLaid Down:  September 14,1943Launched:  July 8, 1945Commissioned:  November 3, 1946Fate:  Sold for scrap, 1971 Specifications: Displacement:  27,100 tonsLength:  888 ft.Beam:  93 ft. (waterline)Draft:  28 ft., 7 in.Propulsion:  8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed:  33 knotsComplement:  3,448 men Armament: 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft: 90-100 aircraft Early Service Completing fitting out, Valley Forge landed Air Group 5 in January 1947 with a F4U Corsair flown by Commander H. H. Hirshey making the first landing on the ship.  Departing port, the carrier conducted its shakedown cruise in the Caribbean with stops at Guantanamo Bay and the Panama Canal. Returning to Philadelphia, Valley Forge underwent a brief overhaul before sailing for the Pacific. Transiting the Panama Canal, the carrier arrived at San Diego on August 14 and formally joined the US Pacific Fleet. Sailing west that fall, Valley Forge took part in exercises near Pearl Harbor, before steaming to Australia and Hong Kong. Moving north to Tsingtao, China, the carrier received orders to return home via the Atlantic which would permit it to make an around the world voyage. Following stops in Hong Kong, Manila, Singapore, and Trincomalee, Valley Forge entered the Persian Gulf for a goodwill stop at Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia. Rounding the Arabian Peninsula, the carrier became the longest ship to transit the Suez Canal. Moving through the Mediterranean, Valley Forge called at Bergen, Norway and Portsmouth, UK before returning home to New York. In July 1948, the carrier replaced its complement of aircraft and received the new Douglas A-1 Skyraider and the Grumman F9F Panther jet fighter. Ordered to the Far East in early 1950, Valley Forge was in port at Hong Kong on June 25 when the Korean War commenced. Korean War Three days after the start of the war, Valley Forge became flagship of the US Seventh Fleet and served as the core of Task Force 77.  Having provisioned at Subic Bay in the Philippines, the carrier rendezvoused with ships from the Royal Navy, including the carrier HMS Triumph, and commenced strikes against North Korean forces on July 3. These initial operations saw Valley Forges F9F Panthers down two enemy Yak-9s. As the conflict progressed, the carrier provided support for General Douglas MacArthurs landings at Inchon in September.  Valley Forges aircraft continued to pound North Korean positions until November 19, when, after over 5,000 sorties had been flown, the carrier was withdrawn and ordered to the West Coast.    Reaching the United States, Valley Forges stay proved brief as the Chinese entry into the war in December required the carrier to immediately return to the war zone.  Rejoining TF 77 on December 22, planes from the carrier entered the fray the next day. Continuing operations for the next three months, Valley Forge aided United Nations forces in halting the Chinese offensive. On March 29, 1951, the carrier again departed for San Diego. Reaching home, it was then directed north to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a much needed overhaul. This was completed that summer and after embarking Air Group 1, Valley Forge sailed for Korea. The first US carrier to make three deployments to the war zone, Valley Forge resumed launching combat sorties on December 11.  These were largely focused on  railway interdiction and saw the carriers planes repeatedly strike at Communist supply lines. Briefly returning to San Diego that summer, Valley Forge commenced its fourth combat tour in October 1952. Continuing to attack Communist supply depots and infrastructure, the carrier remained off the Korean coast until the final weeks of the war. Steaming for San Diego, Valley Forge underwent an overhaul and was transferred to the US Atlantic Fleet. New Roles With this shift, Valley Forge was re-designated as an anti-submarine warfare carrier (CVS-45).  Refitted for this duty at Norfolk, the carrier commenced service in its new role in January 1954.  Three years later, Valley Forge executed the US Navys first ship-based aerial envelopment exercise when its landing party was shuttled to and from a landing zone at Guantanamo Bay using only helicopters. A year later, the carrier became flagship of Rear Admiral John S. Thachs Task Group Alpha which focused on perfecting tactics and equipment for dealing with enemy submarines.   In early 1959, Valley Forge sustained damage from heavy seas and steamed to New York Naval Shipyard for repairs.  To expedite the work, a large section of flight deck was transferred from the inactive USS Franklin (CV-13) and transferred to Valley Forge. Returning to service, Valley Forge participated in the Operation Skyhook testing in 1959 which saw it launch balloons to measure cosmic rays. December 1960 saw the carrier recover the Mercury-Redstone 1A capsule for NASA as well as provide assistance to the crew of SS Pine Ridge which split in two off the coast of Cape Hatteras.   Steaming north, Valley Forge arrived at Norfolk on March 6, 1961 to undergo conversion into an amphibious assault ship (LPH-8). Rejoining the fleet that summer,  the ship commenced training in the Caribbean before embarking its complement of helicopters and joining the US Atlantic Fleets ready amphibious force. That October, Valley Forge operated off the Dominican Republic with orders to aid American citizens during a period of unrest on the island. Vietnam Directed to join the US Pacific Fleet in early 1962, Valley Forge airlifted its Marines into Laos in May to aid in thwarting a Communist takeover of the country.  Withdrawing these troops in July, it remained in the Far East until the end of the year when it sailed for the West Coast. Following a modernization overhaul at Long Beach, Valley Forge made another Western Pacific deployment in 1964 during which it won a Battle Effectiveness Award. Following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident in August, the ship moved closer to the Vietnamese coast and remained in the area into the fall. As the United States escalated its involvement in the Vietnam War, Valley Forge began ferrying helicopters and troops to Okinawa before making a deployment to the South China Sea. Taking up station in the fall of 1965, Valley Forges Marines participated in Operations Dagger Thrust and Harvest Moon before playing a role in Operation Double Eagle in early 1966.  After brief overhaul following these operations, the ship returned to Vietnam and assumed a position off Da Nang. Sent back to the United States in late 1966, Valley Forge spent part of early 1967 in the yard before commencing training exercises on the West Coast. Steaming west in November, the ship arrived in Southeast Asia and landed its troops as part of Operation Fortress Ridge. This saw them conduct search and destroy missions just south of the Demilitarized Zone. These activities were followed by Operation Badger Tooth near Quang Tri before Valley Forge shifted to a new station off Dong Hoi. From this position, it participated in Operation Badger Catch and supported the Cua Viet Combat Base.   Final Deployments The early months of 1968 continued to see Valley Forges forces take part in operations such as Badger Catch I and III as well as serve as an emergency landing platform for US Marine helicopters whose bases were under attack.  After continued service in June and July, the ship transferred its Marines and helicopters to USS Tripoli (LPH-10) and sailed for home. Receiving an overhaul, Valley Forge commenced five months of training before ferrying a load of helicopters to Vietnam. Arriving in the region, its forces took part in Operation Defiant Measure on March 6, 1969. With the conclusion of that mission, Valley Forge continued to steam off Da Nang as its Marines conducted a variety duties. Following training off Okinawa in June, Valley Forge arrived back off the northern coast of South Vietnam and launched Operation Brave Armada on July 24. With its Marines fighting in Quang Ngai Province, the ship remained on station and provided support. With the conclusion of the operation on August 7, Valley Forge debarked its Marines at Da Nang and departed for port calls at Okinawa and Hong Kong. On August 22, the ship learned that it would be deactivated following its deployment. After a brief stop at Da Nang to load equipment, Valley Forge touched at Yokosuka, Japan before sailing for the United States. Arriving at Long Beach on September 22, Valley Forge was decommissioned on January 15, 1970. Though some efforts were made to preserve the ship as a museum, they failed and Valley Forge was sold for scrap on October 29, 1971.

Florence Golden Age 1400-1500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Florence Golden Age 1400-1500 - Essay Example hat which is concealed in the soaring of the mind and the spiritual adventure of the soul in the birth-giving process of the revelation of a renaissance masterpiece called the city of Florence. â€Å"Florence saw itself as the ideal city state, a place where the freedom of the individual was guaranteed, and where many citizens had the right to participate in the government. In 1400 Florence was engaged in a struggle with the Duke of Milan. The Florentine people feared the loss of liberty and respect for individuals that was the pride of their Republic.Luckily for Florence, the Duke of Milan caught the plague and died in 1402. Then, between 1408 and 1414 Florence was threatened once again, this time by the King of Naples, who also died before he could successfully conquer Florence. And in 1423 the Florentine people prepared for war against the son of the Duke of Milan who had threatened them earlier. Again, luckily for Florence, the Duke was defeated in 1425. The Florentine citizens interpreted these military "victories" as signs of Gods favor and protection. They imagined themselves as the "New Rome" -- in other words, as the heirs to the Ancient Roman Republic, prepared to sacrifice for the cause of freedom and liberty. The Florentine people were very proud of their form of government in the early 15th century. A republic is, after all, a place that respects the opinions of individuals, and we know that individualism was a very important part of the Humanism that thrived in Florence in the 15th century. â€Å" [2] What signifies Florence as a subject matter is that It has been the land of birth of the genuine renaissance of Italy as well as of the European world during the dark ages, which are depicted in the area age of 1400’s. Florence, in the times of the Medicis, Machiavelli, Galileo, Leonardo Da Vinci and as well as of the times of the crusades, have all established the process of the stardom of Italy during the time of decadence in Europe. Much is observed in

Consumer Relationship Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Consumer Relationship Marketing - Case Study Example Companies or brands that focus on such areas can gain competitive advantage. Motorola's strategy, as outlined below, is to deliver a safe customer relationship service, which speaks to the customer's desire for clarity of vision. Motorola places strong emphasis on their ability to provide consistent security in information systems, and also matches the third requirement by maintaining a strong research and development program between all segments. With this approach customers are adequately informed of what the brand is seeking to achieve and benefits that shall accrue to them if they are successfully accomplished. Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications. Motorola (NYSE:MOT) is a global Fortune 100 leader in broadband, automotive communications, wireless technologies, and embedded electronic products. The company's Government and Enterprise Mobility Solutions (GEMS) business provides integrated radio communications and information solutions for public safety, government, and enterprise customers. Widely distributed sales and system integration teams previously collaborated by improvised phone, e-mail, and paper processes. Motorola consists of three businesses: Connected Home Solutions, Networks & Enterprise, and Mobile Devices. Connected Home Solutions provides a scalable, integrated end-to-end system for the delivery of broadband services that keeps consumers informed, entertained and connected. Mobile Devices designs, manufactures, sells and services wireless subscriber and server equipment for cellular systems, portable energ y storage products and systems, servers and software solutions and related software and accessory products. Networks & Enterprise solutions include secure two-way radio, cellular and wireless broadband systems to meet the needs of public safety, government, private, and service provider and enterprise customer's world-wide. The Motorola RAZR cellular phone. The sleek RAZR mobile phone is an innovative product marketed as 'Ultrathin' and light. Razr reported profits of $1.75 billion on sales of $9.42 billion with 750,000 units of the phone to wireless carriers in the first 30 days on the market (Hesseldahl 2005). Strategic Focus Motorola's Web-site states that: "We're scientists. We're artists. Most of all, we are a global communications leader, powered by, and driving, seamless mobility. Motorola is revolutionizing broadband, embedded systems and wireless networks - bringing cutting-edge technologies into your everyday life, with style" (Motorola 2006). A defining characteristic of Motorola's RAZR phone is international use and multi-national business, which is characteristic of a social and cultural worldview. This worldview may be comprised of the group's norms, values and assumptions for how people interact with each other (Distefano & Mavnevski, 2000).

The Human Genome Project Essay -- Genetics Science Technology Papers

The Human Genome Project Almost every aspect that makes a person unique is due to genetic factors, from the color of an individual's eyes to the functions of white blood cells. The one thing that makes an individual's unique characteristics the hardest to understand is the fact that it is all composed of four bases in different patterns. These patterns of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine are the only things that differ one human from the next. This genetic code is contained in every cell that is found in the human body. Gregor Mendel first discovered the foundations of inheritance in the nineteenth century. His discovery was the basis that has now made it possible for humans to learn more about the genetic code. Mendel's discovery has now turned in to a multi-billion dollar project. This project is known as the Human Genome Project (HGP). Brief History The HGP began as a joint effort between the Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Department of Energy's initial reason for entering the project was to was to gain a better understanding of the potential health risks that were involved in energy use and the production of energy, especially the risks involved with radiation. Two years after the DOE proposed the idea of sequencing the entire human genome the NIH joined in the effort. The foundations of the project were laid and two years later, in 1990, the project was begun. The project was originally laid out to be a fifteen-year program that would have a budget estimated at three billion dollars (1). The DOE and the NIH established five major goals for the HGP. The first goal is to identify all of the genes in human DNA. This goal is phenomenal when it is co... ...GR Announce Formation of New Genomics Company." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.tigr.org/new/press_release_may98.html 6) Website #6: Human Genome Project Information. "Facts About Genome Sequencing." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/faq/seqfacts.html 7) Website #7: "Tools of the Trade." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/tko/05_tools.html 8) Website #8: "Exploring the Genomic Landscape." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/tko/04_exploring.html 9) Website #9: DOE Human Genome Program Report. "Capillary Array Electrophoresis." Obtained from the WWW: http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/publicat/97pr/04g_sequ.html 10) Karanjawala, Zarir E. "Genetics in the Context of Medical Practice." The Journal of the American Medical Association. Nov. 4 1998, v280n17, p1533. Student Essay List

“Death and a King’s Horseman” and “All My Sons” Essay

Compare the ways in which Soyinka in Death and a King’s Horseman and Miller in All My Sons present Elesin and Keller? How far would you agree that the personal tragedy of each protagonist’s death is less important than the death of their sons? Soyinka and Miller shape the protagonists by their presentations of their voice using different language and use of setting cultural context which presents their different responsibilities and duties exposing their character. The different presentations of the characters determine how the audience connect with the protagonists. Elesin and Keller’s deaths are climatic points in the play, with their son’s deaths also being pivotal; acting as catalysts for the protagonist’s death which cause the protagonist’s to acknowledge their fatal flaws. The different purposes of the protagonist’s suicides, made evident also by the protagonist’s presented characters, determine whether the tragedy of thei r death is more important than the death of their sons. The setting and cultural context of each of the plays a profound role in shaping the characters as the differing cultural context affects the character’s duties and responsibilities which shape their presentations as characters. Though set in the same time periods, the cultures differ between plays. Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman opens in â€Å"Oyo, an ancient Yoruba city in Nigeria, 1944†, during British colonialism whereas All My Sons by Miller is set in the â€Å"outskirts of an American town† just after the war in the late 1940’s after world war two. Soyinka and Miller’s introductions of the culture and the setting at the beginning of the plays expose the protagonist’s individual characters. The â€Å"secluded atmosphere† on the â€Å"outskirts of an American town† in which All My Sons opens acts as a dramatic device to show Keller’s devotion to his family by presenting him as sectioned off from wider society. Additionally, the â€Å"closely planted poplars† which seclude the area act as a dramatic device to represent Keller’s somewhat narrow minded principles and set values. Soyinka’s portrayal of the culture and setting also presents Elesin’s character and nature. Soyinka invites the audience to the rich Yoruban culture through Elesin’s voice; â€Å"a man of enormous vitality† who exposes the beauty of the setting to the audience, thus revealing his lust for earthly pleasures. â€Å"The smell of indigo on their cloth, this is the air I wish to breath† portrays Elesin’s yearn for life. The use of evocative description of the setting and culture creates a picture of Elesin’s vibrant character. The author’s use of language, which creates the character’s voice, presents the protagonists differently and shapes the audience’s reactions and feelings towards them in each play. Miller’s use of disjointed language such as â€Å"what’s goin†, to create Keller’s voice, presents him as an un-educated simple man. Though his incoherent language means the audience isn†™t enticed or fascinated by him, it presents him as an ordinary character, allowing the audience to connect with him on a personal level. The fact the audience is able to connect with Keller personally, because of his down to earth nature, means the audience are less sympathetic of his fatal flaw as Miller’s presentation of him causes the audience to be un-expectant of his down fall. â€Å"Back in my day you were either a doctor or a lawyer† exposes Keller’s myopic perspective of the world and strong attachment to his set values. Conversely, Soyinka’s use of complex language to create Elesin’s voice fascinates and captivates the audience, giving him high status as a character. Soyinka presents Elesin as an exuberant character fascinated by earthly pleasures. â€Å"I become a monarch whose palace is built with tenderness and beauty†. The flowing rhythm of his voice and the use of positive adjectives expose his passion for life; his fatal flaw as a character. Elesin speaks poetically in riddles such as â€Å"when the horse sniffs the stable does he not strain at the bridle?† presenting him as articulate and expressive. He also uses metaphors to express his ideas such as â€Å"you’re like a jealous wife† when talking to the Praise-Singer. This use of riddles and metaphors makes him sometimes difficult to unders tand presenting the idea he hides his fatal flaw by using his language to distract the praise singer from acknowledging his love for life which distracts him from his cultural duty. For example when the praise singer accuses Elesin of forgetting â€Å"a long faithful mother of his children† referring to his responsibilities to his culture, Elesin replies poetically saying â€Å"when the horse sniffs at the stable does he not strain at the bridle?†. However, his superior position makes it difficult for the audience to connect with him on a personal level. This foreshadows his downfall as a character as he later abandons his responsibilities to his culture by not committing to his duty of suicide. Because his fatal flaws are foreshadowed, when his downfall is eventually exposed it is expected by the audience thus they feel sympathy for him and his death is seen as an act of redemption. Both All My Sons and Death and a King’s horseman are structured with the climatic parts of the play at the end and use foreshadowing techniques throughout the plays to build up the tension and climax. In Death of a King’s Horseman Soyinka portrays Elesin’s fatal flaw; his desire for earthly pleasures which distracts him from the responsibility of death; to foreshadow his downfall as a character. Soyinka’s use of language exposes Soyinka’s desire for mortal pleasures. â€Å"This market is my roost† foreshadows his inability to sacrifice his be devotion for life for the benefit for the people in his culture. Similarly, Miller uses foreshadowing techniques to prognosticate the revelation of Keller’s mistakes. The broken tree which is a memorial for Larry acts as a dramatic device which foreshadows the end of Keller’s family’s ignorance to his mistake. The mother also foreshadows this by The different purposes within the narrative of the protagonist’s death affect their differing importance’s compared to the death of their son’s which acts as a catalyst The point at which the fathers acknowledge their sons death is the pivotal point at which the protagonist’s accept their fatal flaws. In Death and a King’s Horseman, because the death of Elesin is presented as an act of redemption, in my opinion the tragedy of his death is more important than the death of his son When Keller’s mistake of killing Larry is discovered he responds defensively to protect himself. â€Å"The minute there’s trouble you [mother] run out of strength† suggests Keller attempts to direct the blame on to somebody else and deny his mistakes. The fact his death takes place as a result of his family shunning him suggests his intentions for his suicide are selfish, to protect himself from unhappiness as his family is the only thing he values in life. This causes the audience to view his death as a cowardly act rather than an act of redemption from his mistakes. In my opinion this makes his suicide less important than the death of his son within the play which is the pivotal point of exposing Keller’s faults as a character. On the contrary, Elesin’s intentional death is presented as an act of redemption. It is clear Elesin kills himself for the benefit of his culture as â€Å"he has a duty to perform†. The presentation of his cultural duties at the beginning of the play The moment at which he kills himself is more important than the death of his son as it is the pivotal point in the novel where his mistakes and flaws are redeemed by showing his loyalty to his culture. Therefore, although Keller’s suicide seems less important than the death of his son as his suicide is merely a selfish act to protect him, Elesin’s intentional death is an act of redemption, making it equally important as the death of his son.

The Dangers Of Revenge In William Shakespeares Hamlet

The Dangers of Revenge As represented in many examples throughout literature, revenge is a dangerous desire. Revenge will bring out the worst in people, often causing them to neglect their responsibilities and moral duties. Hamlet, in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, allows his personal passions to interfere with himself and those that are close to him. As a result of Hamlet’s eagerness to avenge his father, he is led to neglect both Ophelia and his mother, disregarding his morals as a person, and revealing that revenge is a destructive ambition to all those that encounter it. Hamlet fools those around him with his madness as a part of his plan of revenge and eventually destroys the relationship between him and Ophelia. Ophelia follows her†¦show more content†¦According to Gertrude, Hamlet’s madness is caused by â€Å"no other but the main - His father’s death and our o’erhasty marriage† (2.2). While Hamlet is so fed up with the quick marriage of Claudius and his mother, he ignores the fact that his mother still loves him. By letting the marriage get the best of him he lost a person who is there to support him, which leads him down a path of self destruction. Queen Gertrude explains to Claudius that Hamlet has gone â€Å"to draw apart the body he hath killed, o’er whom his very madness, like some ore among a mineral of metals base shows itself pure. He weeps for what is done† (4.1). Gertrude’s attempt to see the sliver of good left in Hamlet proves that she still loves him. But, Hamlet continues to push her away with his desire to get revenge and loses the only parent he has left. Hamlet then yells to God â€Å"a beast that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer† (1.2). Hamlet has lost all respect for his mother by comparing her to an animal. With his frustration, he forgets the reality that he is her son and the duties that come with that. Hamlet’s urgent need for revenge leads him to push away his mother and leaves him without a parental figure in his life as his madness progresses. Hamlet’s plan for revenge dismisses all of his morals and he is now seen as a dangerous and cold person. He instructs himself that his â€Å"thoughts be bloody or nothing worth† (4.5). After the Ghost tells HamletShow MoreRelatedPresentation of Hamlet in Act 2 Scene 2 and 3 in William Shakespeares Hamlet663 Words   |  3 PagesPresentation of Hamlet in Act 2 Scene 2 and 3 in William Shakespeares Hamlet It is hard to determine the intentions of William Shakespeare when he wrote Hamlet without looking at the social, historical and ethical context in which it was conceived. From the cover notes found within the Longman Literature edition, we can deduce that it is Shakespeares most well known play and, written during the year 1602, it was one of his later works. 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